Why did the turtle cross the road? And do any of them ever make it to the other side?

State Herpetologist Jeff Briggler and a team of volunteers have been counting turtles on Missouri’s roads. Ninety percent of them had been hit by cars.

Why are they crossing the road?

Briggler says most of them are young turtles either staking out new territory or looking for a mate. Others are basking on the warm pavement on cool mornings.

Briggler says giving them a helping hand does improve their chances if you put them the direction they were heading. Otherwise, he says, they’re just going to go back out on the road again.

He says box turtles are very resiliant and can survive after being struck sometimes, but the biggest threat is when they get hit and get flipped on their backs, which is a death sentence. He said they can’t get a foot-hold on anything when landing upside down on a smooth surface. They eventually bake in the sun and die.

He says despite the high road mortality rate, box turtles are doing well in Missouri, not so in coastal states that see more traffic.

The Missouri Department of Conservation reports that box turtles live a long time, and females continue laying eggs for most of their lives. They need lots of time to replace themselves, since snakes, raccoons, opossums and other nest predators eat most of their eggs. Before roads crisscrossed their habitat a low reproductive rate was no big deal. Animals that continue laying eggs past 60 years of age can afford to take their time replacing themselves. But the unnatural mortality caused by speeding cars is a problem.

"Box turtles did not evolve amid thousands of miles of busy highway," says Briggler. "We don’t know very much about how highway mortality will affect their long-term survival, but the implications of our casual observations are worrisome. Animals with low reproductive potential usually cannot sustain the sort of continuing slaughter that we see on our roads."

He suggests motorists slow down when they see a turtle in the road and check to be sure they can safely steer around it. If traffic and road conditions permit, motorists can pull their vehicles off the roadway and carry turtles to the other side of the road and place them at least 15 feet beyond the pavement, facing away from the road.

Briggler another threat to turtles is the practice of capturing them for pets. He says the animals’ nutritional needs are not easy to meet in captivity, so captive turtles are likely to die due to improper care. In most cases, that means slow starvation.

He suggests keeping a turtle only for a day or two and then releasing it where it was captured. He said this last condition is very important, since turtles are intimately familiar with their home areas. If released in strange surroundings, they have trouble finding food and may wander across roads trying to meet their daily needs.

The three-toed box turtle is the species most often seen crossing roads in Missouri. Primarily a woodland species, it is found everywhere but the extreme northern part of Missouri. The ornate box turtle is found in all but the southeastern corner of the state, but is more adapted to grassland and is most common in western Missouri. Young males make up most of the travelers as they search for territories of their own and for female turtles.

Three-toed box turtles have three toes on each hind foot, unless they have lost a few appendages to predators or frostbite. Ornate box turtles usually have four toes per hind foot. In keeping with their name, ornate box turtles also have more vivid yellow stripes on a black background on the tops of their shells. The bottoms of their shells typically have streaks of black on a yellow background.

For more information about box turtles, visit www.mdc.mo.gov/nathis/herpetol/boxturtles/

Jessica Machetta reports [Download/listen MP3]

The Spring Turkeyhunt kicked off Monday, but the Missouri Department of Conservation says thereare fewer turkeys to look for this year.

Tw o years of rainand c old ha v e had a negative impact on Midwestwild turkey populations, according to Tom Dailey, a resource scientist for theConservation Department who holds a Ph.D. wildlife biology.

He says hunters who wentout on opening day this Monday bagged about 14 percent fewer birds than lastyear.

Dailey says the harvest for opening day totaled just over 6,000, which is down from last year’s 7,000.

Dailey says theEaster freeze in 2007 likely affected eggs and nests. He says lots of rain in2008 wasn’t good either. While water can get into nests and drown some poults, others get wet and their body temperatures drop, causing them to die from exposure.

He says more rainalso means more mosquitoes, which leads to avian pox, a naturally occurring disease that is spread by mosquitoes.

Numbers are down in Missouri, Kansas, Illinois, Arkansas and Iowa, but Dailey sayspopulations are expected to rebound. Those wanting help on bolstering habitaton their land can contact the Department of Conservation, which has field agents who can come to private property and offer advice.

Dailey wanted to point out that there were no firearms related hunting accidents on opening daythis year.

"I hope hunters will remain diligent throughout the season."

Spring Turkey Hunting Season in Missouri lasts for three weeks, until 1 p.m. each day now through May 10.

To find out more about turkey seasons in Missouri, how to telecheck your bird, volunteering for the Gobble Count and more, visit the Missouri Department of Conservation’s Hunting and Trapping Web site .

Jessica Machetta reports [Download/listen MP3]

Purple martins are returning to Missouri and they could use some extra help from people this year.

Recent year’s late frosts were tough on purple martin populations. Department of Conservation Avian Ecologist Andy Forbes says the birds live almost entirely "off the wing" … or, on flying insects. If cold, rainy conditions persist for days on end, purple martins can start dying off.

They rely on humans for housing, a unique adaptation initiated by the

Native Americans, who used to hang hollowed-out gourds around their camps to attract the birds because of their voracious appetite for pests. Over the years, martins came to rely on such housing and very few of them will seek out natural nesting cavities anymore.

Forbes says it’s a common myth that martins eat hordes of mosquitoes — they do eat some – but that they eat a lot of horseflies, deerflies and other bothersome bugs.

To help the purple martins rebound, he says people can make sure their existing martin houses are cleaned out or erect new ones. New "landlords" will need to make sure the houses are high off the ground and not near any tall trees where would-be predators — hawks, crows and owls — might be. Also, invasive starlings are known to be unwelcome squatters in martin houses, moving in before they arrive. Martins are no match for starlings, a bigger bird with a better set of battle skills.

Some people have come up with a creative way to feed them as well. Forbes says he’s heard of people slingshotting mealworms up to the birds, an activity not necessary for the birds to survive, but something both humans and the birds enjoy.

Forbes says population declines are a normal occurance and their numbers will go back up as younger birds migrate and repopulate.

"Overall they’re doing well," he says. "On average every year, there is a percentage increase in Missouri."

Visit the Missouri Department of Conservations’s purple martin Web site for more information on creating "starling resistant" housing, migration patterns and more .

Jessica Machetta reports [Download/listen MP3]